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(Lottie, a 21-year-old White British mother diagnosed with postnatal depression)

When Lottie became pregnant unexpectedly in 2014, she hoped she and her partner Darren would manage, one way or another. But then Darren moved on to a new relationship, leaving her to go through pregnancy and motherhood alone. Lottie described how, before she became pregnant, 鈥淚 was so confident and outgoing and it was like, 鈥楬ey, where鈥檚 the party?鈥�. But then, 鈥淵ou lose the man that you were with. You鈥檝e become pregnant, so you end up doing it all on your own. And you haven鈥檛 got anyone with you. And you haven鈥檛 got a job anymore. So you end up losing your whole life in one big blow鈥�. She explained how, 鈥淵ou just feel lost in a way鈥�.

New mothers have experienced worryingly high rates of distress during the Covid-19 pandemic, which some link partly to social distancing measures (; ).听But, even before the pandemic and its restrictions to social contact, some women, like Lottie, experienced changes in their lives and relationships during and after pregnancy, which made this a difficult time for them. This is likely to continue to be the case for some mothers once the pandemic is over.

As part of a larger study at 香港六合彩中特网, we interviewed fourteen women who had all been treated by the NHS for feelings of depression during pregnancy or after the birth of their baby. We interviewed women (before the Covid-19 pandemic) asking them about their experiences. We looked at these women鈥檚 accounts to see whether they described isolation and loneliness as playing a part in their distress. We considered loneliness to be an unpleasant feeling of having inadequate social relationships, and isolation as having, or seeing yourself as having, limited social contact. There is growing evidence that isolation and loneliness can contribute to significant mental distress, including during pregnancy and after birth. We were keen to find out whether supporting new mothers to strengthen their social networks might be helpful.

We looked at the fourteen women鈥檚 interviews in collaboration with a group of women who themselves had lived experience of perinatal distress. This ensured that we interpreted the findings from multiple standpoints.

We found that women often connected difficult and distressing feelings during and after pregnancy to feeling 鈥榙islocated鈥� from their previous identities and relationships. Some women used the words lonely and isolated to describe themselves, while others, like Lottie, talked about feeling lost, alone, or having nobody.

Importantly, we found that women felt confined to their homes by the mothering role and isolated from wider social networks. A lost sense of self was particularly apparent among first time mothers who had given up their jobs or taken time away from work to have a baby. Lisa, a married, white British first-time mother, explained:

鈥淚f you have been working, you鈥檒l be going to work every day, you had a role, you鈥檝e been there, you鈥檝e been amongst these people, you鈥檝e been doing that thing. And suddenly, you鈥檙e by yourself with this baby, you don鈥檛 know what to do with your baby. Really, all day, you just think, 鈥極h, what do I actually do?鈥� And it, yes, does-, it is quite a lonely thing, actually.鈥�

The women described motherhood as relentless. Lisa said she became 鈥�a little husk鈥� and 鈥渏ust wanted to be looked after鈥�. Many of the mothers we interviewed felt they were left to care for their babies largely alone, seen automatically as the primary caregiver. Meanwhile, women鈥檚 relationships, especially with their partners, changed, which sometimes resulted in conflict and breakdown. Anaya, who was from an African Muslim background, and was parenting alone while also seeking asylum in the UK, described how, back home, wider family networks generally helped care for babies, but in the UK she had 鈥渘辞产辞诲测鈥�. Although a new baby made some women feel less alone, others felt more alone without supportive networks around them and some had trouble bonding with their infants.

We found that cultural ideas around what makes a 鈥榞ood鈥� mother and a 鈥榖ad鈥� mother created rigid and unrealistic expectations for how women should feel and behave when they have a baby. Mothers felt they were expected to enjoy being mothers, take to motherhood 鈥榥aturally鈥�, and love their babies unconditionally without feeling angry or desperate. Lottie said she avoided meeting other mothers because, 鈥淵ou鈥檙e constantly worried they鈥檙e going to judge you鈥�. This idea of a 鈥榞ood and bad mother鈥� provoked feelings of inadequacy in women and made it difficult for them to feel comfortable meeting others or expressing negative emotions, increasing isolation and distress.

Our findings also showed how being single, young, deprived or from a minority ethnic background could affect women鈥檚 experiences. Some mothers had to care for their babies in impoverished circumstances, and those migrating to the UK sometimes lacked financial support because of their status in the country. Single mothers felt they lacked a community or family network that could help them through difficult times or give them respite from sleepless nights. Some of the young, single mothers sought to show they were strong and resilient because they were having to 鈥榞o it alone鈥�, but being young, single or deprived was also seen as more likely to result in being judged an inadequate mother. However, an important finding was that women could still feel lonely, isolated and inadequate despite having people around them, if they didn鈥檛 feel supported in the way they needed.

Some women did manage to make meaningful connections with other mothers who they felt were in similar situations and found this comforting and reassuring. In some cases, mothers also got support from relationships with professionals such as midwives, health visitors or mental health workers. But as professional relationships were often short-term, women鈥檚 feelings of loneliness or abandonment could increase even more when these ended. Our findings suggest that services need to offer women support in a way that is sustainable and that recognises the human nature of therapeutic interactions.

Overall, our research highlights a need to advocate for social change to lessen pressures on women and their families during and after pregnancy, and to challenge the binary and damaging 鈥榞ood/bad鈥� mother divide. Women鈥檚 accounts show how feelings of depression during pregnancy and after birth are often experienced as social in nature, suggesting it is important to develop support for women which addresses interpersonal relationships, social networks and wider social structures.

While our findings support the idea that facilitating connections between mothers may be valuable, for example through peer support, it is clear that this must be done in a way that is sensitive to things like ethnicity, class, age and relationship status. It must also be recognised that mothers may be fearful of connecting with 鈥榮imilar鈥� others and that other options might be preferred.

Please also see this听 reviewing a paper we published on our findings.

The full published paper can be found at:听

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Research team: Dr Billie Lever Taylor, Dr Angela Sweeney, Professor Louise Howard, Dr Katherine Jackson, Dr Nadia Mantovani, and Dr Selina Nath

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The Mums Alone project was funded by the Loneliness & Social Isolation in Mental Health Research Network, which is funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant reference: ES/S004440/1) and their support is gratefully acknowledged. Any views expressed here are those of the project investigators and do not necessarily represent the views of the Loneliness & Social Isolation in Mental Health Research Network or UKRI. This article also summarizes independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its PGfAR Programme (grant reference number: RP-PG-1210-12002). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. L.M.H. was supported by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research Professorship (NIHR-RP-R32鈥�011), is an NIHR senior investigator, and is partly supported by the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust/King鈥檚 College London Biomedical Research Centre, the South London Applied Research Collaboration and is also supported by the NIHR Mental Health Research Policy Unit. SJ is supported by the NIHR Mental Health Research Policy Unit, the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) North Thames, and the 香港六合彩中特网H Biomedical Research Centre. A.S. would like to acknowledge the support of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King鈥檚 College London.